.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "gallery/comparisons/as_vs_fd_gradient.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note Click :ref:`here ` to download the full example code .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_gallery_comparisons_as_vs_fd_gradient.py: 4. Adjoint-state vs. FD gradient ================================ The **gradient of the misfit function**, as implemented in `emg3d`, uses the adjoint-state method following [PlMu08]_ (see :attr:`emg3d.simulations.Simulation.gradient`). The method has the advantage that it is very fast. However, it can be tricky to implement and it is always good to verify the implementation against another method. We compare in this example the adjoint-state gradient to a simple forward finite-difference gradient. (See :ref:`sphx_glr_gallery_tutorials_gradient.py` for more details regarding the adjoint-state gradient.) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 16-24 .. code-block:: default import emg3d import itertools import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm, SymLogNorm .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 26-36 1. Create a survey and a simple model ------------------------------------- Create a simple block model and a survey for the comparison. Survey '''''' The survey consists of one source, one receiver, both electric, x-directed point-dipoles, where the receiver is on the seafloor and the source 50 m above. Offset is 3.2 km, and acquisition frequency is 1 Hz. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 36-46 .. code-block:: default survey = emg3d.surveys.Survey( name='Gradient Test-Survey', sources=emg3d.TxElectricDipole((-1600, 0, -1950, 0, 0)), receivers=emg3d.RxElectricPoint((1600, 0, -2000, 0, 0)), frequencies=1.0, noise_floor=1e-15, relative_error=0.05, ) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 47-54 Model ''''' As `emg3d` internally computes with conductivities we use conductivities to compare the gradient in its purest implementation. Note that if we define our model in terms of resistivities or :math:`\log_{\{e;10\}}(\{\sigma;\rho\})`, the gradient would look differently. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 54-74 .. code-block:: default # Create a simple block model. hx = np.array([1000, 1500, 1000, 1500, 1000]) hy = np.array([1000, 1500, 1000, 1500, 1000]) hz = np.array([1800., 200., 200., 200., 300., 300., 2000., 500.]) model_grid = emg3d.TensorMesh( [hx, hy, hz], origin=np.array([-3000, -3000, -5000])) # Initiate model with conductivities of 1 S/m. model = emg3d.Model( model_grid, np.ones(model_grid.n_cells), mapping='Conductivity') model.property_x[:, :, -1] = 1e-8 # Add air layer. model.property_x[:, :, -2] = 3.33 # Add seawater layer. model_bg = model.copy() # Make a copy for the background model. # Add three blocks. model.property_x[1, 1:3, 1:3] = 0.02 model.property_x[3, 2:4, 2:4] = 0.01 model.property_x[2, 1:4, 4] = 0.005 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 75-77 QC '' .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 77-94 .. code-block:: default model_grid.plot_3d_slicer(model.property_x.ravel('F'), zslice=-2900, pcolor_opts={'norm': LogNorm(vmin=0.002, vmax=3.5)}) plt.suptitle('Conductivity (S/m)') axs = plt.gcf().get_children() rec_coords = survey.receiver_coordinates() src_coords = survey.source_coordinates() axs[1].plot(rec_coords[0], rec_coords[1], 'bv') axs[2].plot(rec_coords[0], rec_coords[2], 'bv') axs[3].plot(rec_coords[2], rec_coords[1], 'bv') axs[1].plot(src_coords[0], src_coords[1], 'r*') axs[2].plot(src_coords[0], src_coords[2], 'r*') axs[3].plot(src_coords[2], src_coords[1], 'r*') plt.show() .. image-sg:: /gallery/comparisons/images/sphx_glr_as_vs_fd_gradient_001.png :alt: Conductivity (S/m) :srcset: /gallery/comparisons/images/sphx_glr_as_vs_fd_gradient_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 95-97 Generate synthetic data ----------------------- .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 97-126 .. code-block:: default # Gridding options. gridding_opts = { 'frequency': survey.frequencies['f-1'], 'properties': [3.33, 1, 1, 3.33], 'center': (0, 0, -2000), 'min_width_limits': 100, 'domain': ([-2000, 2000], [-2000, 2000], [-3200, -2000]), 'mapping': model.map, 'center_on_edge': True, } data_grid = emg3d.construct_mesh(**gridding_opts) # Define a simulation for the data. simulation_data = emg3d.simulations.Simulation( name='Data for Gradient Test', survey=survey, model=model.interpolate_to_grid(data_grid), gridding='same', # Same grid as for input model. max_workers=4, ) # Simulate the data and store them as observed. simulation_data.compute(observed=True) # Let's print the survey to check that the observed data are now set. survey .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none Compute efields 0/1 [00:00] Compute efields ########## 1/1 [00:10] Compute efields ########## 1/1 [00:10] .. raw:: html

Survey «Gradient Test-Survey»

<xarray.Dataset>
    Dimensions:    (src: 1, rec: 1, freq: 1)
    Coordinates:
      * src        (src) <U6 'TxED-1'
      * rec        (rec) <U6 'RxEP-1'
      * freq       (freq) <U3 'f-1'
    Data variables:
        observed   (src, rec, freq) complex128 (-1.568364550665792e-13+1.01649065...
        synthetic  (src, rec, freq) complex128 (-1.4820509840973372e-13+9.9197176...
    Attributes:
        noise_floor:     1e-15
        relative_error:  0.05


.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 127-140 Adjoint-state gradient ---------------------- For the actual comparison we use a very coarse mesh. The reason is that we have to compute an extra forward model for each cell for the forward finite-difference approximation, so we try to keep that number low (even though we only do a cross-section, not the entire cube). Our computational grid has only 16,384 cells, which should be fast enough to compute the FD gradient of a cross-section in a few minutes. A cross-section along the survey-line has :math:`32 \times 11 = 352` cells, so we need to compute an extra 352 forward models. (There are 16 cells in z, but only 11 below the seafloor.) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 140-160 .. code-block:: default # Computational grid (min_width 200 instead of 100). comp_grid_opts = {**gridding_opts, 'min_width_limits': 200} comp_grid = emg3d.construct_mesh(**comp_grid_opts) # Interpolate the background model onto the computational grid. comp_model = model_bg.interpolate_to_grid(comp_grid) # AS gradient simulation. simulation_as = emg3d.simulations.Simulation( name='AS Gradient Test', survey=survey, model=comp_model, gridding='same', # Same grid as for input model. max_workers=4, # For parallel workers, adjust if you have more. receiver_interpolation='linear', # For proper adjoint-state gradient ) simulation_as .. raw:: html

Simulation «AS Gradient Test»



.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 161-170 .. code-block:: default # Get the misfit and the gradient of the misfit. data_misfit = simulation_as.misfit as_grad = simulation_as.gradient # Set water and air gradient to NaN for the plots. as_grad[:, :, comp_grid.cell_centers_z > -2000] = np.nan .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none Compute efields 0/1 [00:00] Compute efields ########## 1/1 [00:01] Compute efields ########## 1/1 [00:01] Back-propagate 0/1 [00:00] Back-propagate ########## 1/1 [00:01] Back-propagate ########## 1/1 [00:01] .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 171-183 Finite-Difference gradient -------------------------- To test if the adjoint-state gradient indeed returns the gradient we can compare it to a one-sided finite-difference approximated gradient as given by .. math:: \left(\nabla_p J \left(\textbf{p}\right)\right)_{FD} = \frac{J(\textbf{p}+\epsilon) - J(\textbf{p})}{\epsilon} \ . Define a fct to compute FD gradient for one cell '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 183-218 .. code-block:: default # Define epsilon (some small conductivity value, S/m). epsilon = 0.0001 # Define the cross-section. iy = comp_grid.shape_cells[1]//2 def comp_fd_grad(ixiz): """Compute forward-FD gradient for one cell.""" # Copy the computational model. fd_model = comp_model.copy() # Add conductivity-epsilon to this (ix, iy, iz) cell. fd_model.property_x[ixiz[0], iy, ixiz[1]] += epsilon # Create a new simulation with this model simulation_fd = emg3d.simulations.Simulation( name='FD Gradient Test', survey=survey, model=fd_model, gridding='same', max_workers=1, solver_opts={'verb': 1}, receiver_interpolation='linear', # For proper adjoint-state gradient ) # Switch-of progress bar in this case simulation_fd._tqdm_opts['disable'] = True # Get misfit fd_data_misfit = simulation_fd.misfit # Return gradient return float((fd_data_misfit - data_misfit)/epsilon) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 219-221 Loop over all required cells '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 221-243 .. code-block:: default # Initiate FD gradient. fd_grad = np.zeros_like(as_grad) # Get all ix-iz combinations (without air/water). ixiz = list(itertools.product( range(comp_grid.shape_cells[0]), range(len(comp_grid.cell_centers_z[comp_grid.cell_centers_z < -2000]))) ) # Wrap it asynchronously out = emg3d._multiprocessing.process_map( comp_fd_grad, ixiz, max_workers=4, # Adjust max worker here! ) # Collect result for i, (ix, iz) in enumerate(ixiz): fd_grad[ix, iy, iz] = out[i] .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none 0%| | 0/352 [00:00= diff: ax.add_patch( Rectangle( (comp_grid.nodes_x[ix], comp_grid.nodes_z[iz]), comp_grid.h[0][ix], comp_grid.h[2][iz], fill=False, color='m', linestyle='--', lw=0.5)) def set_axis(axs, i): """Helper routine to adjust subplots.""" # Show source and receiver. axs[i].plot(rec_coords[0], rec_coords[2], 'bv') axs[i].plot(src_coords[0], src_coords[2], 'r*') # x-label. axs[i].set_xlabel('Easting') # y-label depending on column. if i == 0: axs[i].set_ylabel('Depth') else: axs[i].set_ylabel('') axs[i].axes.yaxis.set_ticklabels([]) # Set limits. axs[i].set_xlim(-3000, 3000) axs[i].set_ylim(-4000, -1900) # Plotting options. vmin, vmax = 1e-2, 1e1 pcolor_opts = {'cmap': 'RdBu_r', 'norm': SymLogNorm(linthresh=vmin, base=10, vmin=-vmax, vmax=vmax)} fig, axs = plt.subplots(figsize=(9, 6), nrows=1, ncols=2) # Adjoint-State Gradient f0 = comp_grid.plot_slice(as_grad, normal='Y', ind=iy, ax=axs[0], pcolor_opts=pcolor_opts) axs[0].set_title("Adjoint-State Gradient") set_axis(axs, 0) plot_diff(axs[0], 1) # Finite-Difference Gradient f1 = comp_grid.plot_slice(fd_grad, normal='Y', ind=iy, ax=axs[1], pcolor_opts=pcolor_opts) axs[1].set_title("Finite-Difference Gradient") set_axis(axs, 1) plot_diff(axs[1], 1) plt.tight_layout() fig.colorbar(f0[0], ax=axs, orientation='horizontal', fraction=0.05) plt.show() .. image-sg:: /gallery/comparisons/images/sphx_glr_as_vs_fd_gradient_002.png :alt: Adjoint-State Gradient, Finite-Difference Gradient :srcset: /gallery/comparisons/images/sphx_glr_as_vs_fd_gradient_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 326-339 Visually the two gradients are almost identical. This is amazing, given that the adjoint-state gradient requires one (1) extra forward computation for the entire cube, whereas the finite-difference gradient requires one extra forward computation for each cell, for this cross-section 352 (!). There are differences, and they are highlighted: - Cells surrounded by a dashed, magenta line: NRMSD is bigger than 1 %. - Cells surrounded by a black line: The two gradients have different signs. These differences only happen where the amplitude of the gradient is very small, and it therefore blows the NRMSD numerically up (inherit problem of the relative error when the signal approaches zero). .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 340-342 .. code-block:: default emg3d.Report() .. raw:: html
Wed Aug 31 21:47:02 2022 CEST
OS Linux CPU(s) 4 Machine x86_64
Architecture 64bit RAM 15.5 GiB Environment Python
File system ext4
Python 3.9.12 | packaged by conda-forge | (main, Mar 24 2022, 23:22:55) [GCC 10.3.0]
numpy 1.22.4 scipy 1.9.0 numba 0.55.2
emg3d 1.8.0 empymod 2.2.0 xarray 2022.6.0
discretize 0.8.2 h5py 3.7.0 matplotlib 3.4.3
tqdm 4.64.0 IPython 8.4.0
Intel(R) oneAPI Math Kernel Library Version 2022.0-Product Build 20211112 for Intel(R) 64 architecture applications


.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** ( 4 minutes 18.469 seconds) **Estimated memory usage:** 28 MB .. _sphx_glr_download_gallery_comparisons_as_vs_fd_gradient.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: as_vs_fd_gradient.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: as_vs_fd_gradient.ipynb ` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_